LTE Advanced - Overview                             Home : www.sharetechnote.com

What is LTE-Advanced ?

You might have heard or talked a lot of these for almost over an year or two (as of Aug 2014), but you may have difficulties of coming up with clear answers when you are asked to define this. Actually there are many things we talk about and even we understand it intuitively, but very hard to define verbally or in any written form. I think the term LTE-Advanced can be one of these.

As far as I know, the term 'LTE-Advanced' is any 3GPP term or technical term. It sounds more like marketing term in the industry. In common sense and in most of context, it seems to refering to Carrier Aggregation (some times two carriers and sometimes more than two carriers) as of now (as of Aug 2014). If I express it in more technical and 3GPP based, LTE-Advanced can be a collection of new features adopted from 3GPP Rel 10 or later.

In this 'LTE Advanced' sections, I would use the term 'LTE-Advanced' as 'a collection of new features adopted from 3GPP Rel 10 or later'.

Now let's review LTE-A with several different aspects. Followings are the topics I will cover in this page.

• LTE-A Design Goal
• LTE vs LTE Advanced
• Major Technical Components to implement LTE-A
• Initial Motivation for LTE Advanced
• Initial Deployment
• Keywords in LTE Advanced
• Overview of Carrier Allocation and Network Architecture
• Relay Node
• LTE Advanced Roadmap Check List
• Evolution path of LTE-A / Possible Test Plan
• Personal Questions about LTE Advanced
• Technical Challenges of Implementing LTE Advanced
• References

LTE-A Design Goal

As I explained in From R99 to LTE page, any kind of evolution of communication is based on a set of common technical motivation as follows.

• Increase data throughput
• Improve Flexibility of Spectrum allocation
• Decrease Latency
• Increase communication efficiency
• Increase the reliability of the data transaction (especially in cell boundary)

I think the first two items in the list will be the initial design goal of any technology labeled as 'Advanced', 'Enhanced' or 'Evolved'. There are several technologies (marked in yellow and gray oval) to achieve the goal (marked in green rectangles) and we use different combinations depending on situation. In case of LTE advance, we use those technology marked in yellow oval to achieve the goal (marked in green rectangle). Just for reminder/practice, try to think of what kind of technologies are used when WiFi evolves from a/b/g --> n --> ac --> ad and try to think of what kind of technologies are used when Bluetooth evolves from v1.x --> v2.x --> v3.x.

LTE vs LTE Advanced

Major technical components of LTE-A Implementation

We have reviewed the major design goal and technologies to achieve the design goal. Now let's break these technologies into more detailed components. Followings are the technical components to implement LTE Advanced. Actually understanding LTE-A means understanding all of these components at very detailed level. All of these component technologies will be described in even further detail in separate pages.

Initial Motivation for LTE Advanced

You may be hearing more and more about LTE Advanced these days (approaching the end of 2012) and you may think "Do we really need such a huge bandwidth ? Is the current LTE BW not enough ? Do we have all the technologies mature enough for LTE Advanced Implementation ?"

To see the mature implementation of LTE advanced network or mobile phone, you should get firm "YES" to following quesitons first.

• Is there any major LTE Network Operators who has strong willingness to deploy LTE Advanced Network(Feature) ?
• Are all those components (especially baseband chipsets and RF devices) for LTE advanced device available and mature in the market ?
• Are there any test equipment which are providing the test capability for the device ?

As of the end of 2012, I don't think I have firm "YES" to any of these questions. But I am hearing that a couple of LTE network operators will deploy LTE Advanced feature in very near future and some operators has already supported the feature. I think this is true, but the LTE advanced they talk about at this point is not the full fledged technology and it is mainly about Carrier Aggregation.

Does this mean that they already feel the current 20 Mhz LTE bandwidth is not enough ? As far as I know, it is not because of this. Even though the current LTE supports 20 Mhz BW in max, there are only a few network operators who is certified for such a wide bandwidth. The most common bandwidth that network operators has for LTE is 10 Mhz, which means they are not fully utilizing the LTE capability in terms of bandwidth. This is not because of technical restriction, it is purely because of licensing issues for the allocated bandwidth.

Even though there is not many Network Operators who has 20 Mhz BW, there are some network operators who has license multiple band (e.g, two separated 10 Mhz BW and two or more 5 Mhz BW). These network operators wants to combine those multiple bands to achieve wide BW (in most case 20 Mhz BW) LTE. It is the initial motivation for LTE Advanced for now and I don't think we will see the fully grown LTE advanced technology in any time soon. We still have a lot of things to be done even for the initial LTE (Release 8 LTE) and this maturing process would take a couple of more years. LTE Advanced will be introduced gradually in parallele to Release 8 LTE, but initial introduction of LTE advanced would be more about "Marketing motivation" rather than "Technical motivation".

Initial Deployment

You may heard from other sources or will see in this page a lot of fancy stories about LTE advanced (like the aggregation of 5 carriers with 20 Mhz BW each, 8 x 8 DL MIMO, 4 x 4 UL MIMO, 1G Data Rate etc). But as I mentioned above, the reality would not be as fancy as you may expect. As of Jan, 2013. The only type of deployment I am hearing that some network operators would deploy is as follows :

i) 2 DL Carriers (mostly 10 Mhz BW each, Inter band)

ii) NO UL Subcarriers

 

Following illustration shows some of possible carrier allocations for initial deployment.

Even this simple configuration there are many things to consider and following is some of the list.

What kind of data you would carry on the primary and secondary DL carrier ?

: Definately both channel can carry PDSCH. How about PDCCH ? Would both DL carry each of its own PDCCH seprately ? or Primary DL Carrier would carry PDCCH for both carrier and the secondary carrier carry only PDSCH ?. Both options are possible and it is upto network implementation.

How kind of data you would carry on UL carrier ?

: You may think there would be no differences in UL carrier if UL does not support multi carrier as in the initial deployment, but it would not be true. There would be no differences in terms of PUSCH, but how about PUCCH? Since UE is getting PDSCHs from two separate carriers, there should be questions of how to send HARQ ACK/NACK for each of the PDSCH. Should UE send separate PUCCHs(HARQ ACK/NACK for each DL carriers) or single PUCCH carrying the HARQ ACK/NACK for both channels. Both options are possible in terms of Rel 9/Rel 10 specification, but it is higher possibility to use a single PUCCH for carrying HARQ ACK/NACK for both DL carriers. It means that we will have new PUCCH format for this situation.

How to handle PRACH ?

: Since UE can have possibility of send Uplink to two different carrier and can receive the data from two separate carrier. Possible channels for PRACH procedure can be diverse as shown below.

• PRACH via Primary Carrier and RAR via Primary Carrier
• PRACH via Primary Carrier and RAR via Secondary Carrier
• PRACH via Secondary and RAR via Secondary Carrier
• and couple of others.

But I guess the first option would be the best candidate since it is easy and is the same as Rel 8 method we are currently using.

How to handle handover with dual carrier ?

: For this, we may also have easy option or tricky option.

Tricky option would be to handover the two carrier without any modification from one cell (source cell) to another (destination cell). but this will cause a lot of issues if it is not very carefully implemented.

Easy option would be to remove the secondary DL channel before handover and then perform handover and configure the secondary channel in the destination cell.

Of course, it is highly probable to take an easy option for initial deployment.

Keywords in LTE Advanced

Followings are some key words you would see from almost any LTE advanced material. Try to get familiar with these words at least from 10000 feet view. (I would put some details of each of these keywords over the next few weeks).

• Carrier Aggregation
• Enhanced UL Transmission (Clustered SC-FDMA)
• Enhanced MIMO
• Relay Node
• LTE CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point transmission)

If I classify the keywords listed above into LTE architecture, it would be as follows.

Overview of Carrier Allocation and Network Architecture

One of the most important/critical feature in LTE Advanced is that we use multiple carriers in downlink and possible in uplink as well. It may sound simple to use multiple carriers, but in reality, with the introduction of multiple carrier all the possible carrier/resource allocation in uplink and downlink has such a huge combinations as shown below.

This is not just a graphicaly complication -:). Just by looking at this illustration, a lot of questions would be boggling in your mind. How to allocated resources (number of RBs) in control channel ? Do we have to have separate HARQ process for each carrier ? or single-aggregated HARQ for the multiple carrier ? What about Uplink side ? How can I schedule the resource for Multiple SC-FDMA (Clustered SC-FDMA) ? etc... These are the topics I have to add later.. For now, just enjoy the illustration and use your imagination for all of these questions. Trying to get the solution based on your imagination would greatly help you to understand 3GPP specification. This is a kind of motivation step for the new study.

Another aspect of LTE Advanced is network architecture side. One of the key modification of LTE advanced is 'Relay Node' to improve data communication especially on cell boundary and increase cell coverage. Again, I just put the illustrations and I would like you to use your imagination to find the answers to the questions popping up in your mind.  Do we need any RRC message or Information element to handle this Relay Node ? How a UE handle the situation as shown for UE C in the following illustration. This UE is getting the similar strength of signals both from eNodeB and Relay Node. Would it be possible to handover between two Relay Nodes ? Would the Relay Node have the same RF capability as eNB ?  Would this Relay Node get involved in L1/PHY scheduling as well ? etc.

Relay Networks

One of the biggest problem in LTE would be that the performance at cell edge would not be as good as those in CDMA/WCDMA. So understandably, one of the biggest feature of LTE advanced would be to come out with a wise compensation measure. On top of it, this compensation measure should be very economic.

One of the most popular idea (or real implemetation) for this would be to add various relay node (RN). I found an excellent table from NTT DoCoMo technical report. I strongly recommend you to read the full document that I linked at the bottom of the following table.

Source : DoCoMo Technology Report vol 12-2

Conceptually introducing this kind of Relay Node would give you a lot of gains in terms of throughput. Wouldn't there be any downside of this ?

• If you have a lot of these small components scattered around here and there, how could you optimize all of these to give the best performance in terms of overall network, not only for a specific users or specifically restricted area ?
• Wouldn't there be any further complication in terms of signaling ?
• What about optimizing the resource allocation scheduling ?
• etc

I will leave all of these to you as your personal investigation items.

LTE Advanced Roadmap Check List

One of the most frequent question that I am getting lately about LTE advanced are "Does your equipment/chipset/network support LTE Advanced Rel 10 ?"

But I don't think this is a valid/meaningful question for now ? (Probably this questions will be meaningful in around 2 years) since I haven't seen any equipment/chipset/network supporting the full Rel 10 features. So if you ask this question now (as of Mar, 2012), you may come across one of the following questions.

Case 1 : (The system/chipset/network supports (has implemented) around 10 percent of Rel 10 feature. ) But they say "Yes, we support Rel 10 feature".

Case 2 : (The system/chipset/network supports (has implemented) around 50 percent of Rel 10 feature. ) But they say "No, we do not support Rel 10 feature as of now".

Nobody tells a lie, but nobody tells the truth. My point is that single sentence question saying "Does your equipment/chipset/network support LTE Advanced Rel 10 ?" and the single setence answer "Yes, we do" or "No, we don't" does not make much sense now. If you chose an equipment/chipset/network based on this kind of single setense answer, you may get what is completed different from what you expected.

Then what would be the valid question and valid answer for NOW ? My recommendation is to make a list of questions and check the answer for each questions. The longer the list would be, the better matches between what you get and what you expect.

A kind of shortest list that I can think of would be as follows. This is a list purely based on the technology itself(3GPP). If you are talking to specific UE/equipment/chipset/network vendor, you should have the additional list of questions which is specific for the UE/equipment/chipset/network because there can be a lot of variations of implemtation or software/protocols stacks interfacing with your own product. Sometimes this additional list can be even longer than the 3GPP based check list and can be more important to you.

Again the following is a kind of minimal set of question purely based on my personal criteria. You may have your own revised or totally different set of list. The point now is "MAKE A LIST" -:)

The word "NOW" in the following list would mean about 3~6 month from now.

Evolution path of LTE-A / Possible Test Plan

It's already been over an year since the first LTE-A was deployed since July 2013 in Korea and now it is getting spreaded wider. I tried to list up possible evolution path of LTE-A development in terms of chipset development aspect and UE development. This can be a big picture of test plan. I would be good practice if you think on your own about why we need these test and what kind of challenge UE (or chipset) should overcome to pass each of these test. You don't have to get the answers to your question.. just think about it as much as possible and it would let you think about a lot of details.

• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Cat 3, PUSCH enabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUSCH
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Cat 3, PUSCH diabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUCCH Format 1b
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO with CSI Report - Periodic
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO with CSI Report - Aperiodic
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Handover for SCC Change
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Handover for PCC Change
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Handover for both SCC and PCC Change
• 2 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 3, PUSCH enabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUSCH
• 2 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 3, PUSCH diabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUCCH Format 1b
• 2 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 3, 40 Mhz Aggregated BandWidth, 200 Mbps Throughput at IP layer  
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Cat 4, PUSCH enabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUSCH
• 2 CC Aggregation - SISO, Cat 4, PUSCH diabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUCCH Format 1b
• 2 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 6, MIMO, 20 Mhz Aggregated Bandwidth, 150 Mbps Throughput at IP layer
• 2 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 6, MIMO, 40 Mhz Aggregated Bandwidth, 300 Mbps Throughput at IP layer
• 2 CC Aggregation - TM 8
• 2 CC Aggregation - TM 9
• 3 CC Aggregation - SISO, Cat 6, 30 Mhz Aggregated BW, PUSCH enabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUSCH
• 3 CC Aggregation - SISO, Cat 6, 30 Mhz Aggregated BW,PUSCH diabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUCCH Format 3
• 3 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 6, 30 Mhz Aggregated BW, PUSCH enabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUSCH
• 3 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 6, 30 Mhz Aggregated BW, PUSCH diabled : HARQ Ack/Nack is carried by PUCCH Format 3
• 3 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 6, 40 Mhz Aggregated BW
• 3 CC Aggregation - 2x2 MIMO, Cat 6, 60 Mhz Aggregated BW

Personal Questions about LTE Advanced

Followings are my personal list of items to be investigated and updated as time allows.

• Any Changes in Transmission Mode
• TM 8
• TM 9
• TM 10
• Any Changes in Layer Mapping (36.211 6.3.3) ?
• Any Changes in Precoding (36.211 6.3.4.2) ?
• Any Changes in 36.213 Table 7.1.7.2.1-1 ?
• Any Changes in PUCCH format ?
• Any Changes in HARQ process ?
• Any Changes in SRS structure ?
• Any Changes in CQI, RI, PMI Report Structure ?
• Any Changes in L2 ?

Technical Challenges of Implementing LTE Advanced

Followings are some technical challenges mainly for PHY/RF, but definitely there would be a lot of challenges in higher layer implmentation (eg, MAC for L1 scheduling)

• Handling multiple simultaneous reciever and transmitter chains
• Difficulties in handling spur management and self-blocking (mainly due to simultaneous transmission/reception of multi carriers)
• Difficulties in Antenna design (especiallying difficult to support MIMO capability for all of the multiple carriers).
• Increased PAPR in Uplink transmission (mainly due to Clustered SC-FDMA)

References

[1] World’s First Mobile Device with LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation Powered by the Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ 800 Processor.

[2] LTE-A Carrier Aggregation Enhancements in Release 11